WH+unit+9

= = = = = = =**Part 1** =


 * Define**:
 * depression**- severe despondency and dejection
 * collective bargaining-** negotiation of wages and other conditions of employment by anorganized body of employees
 * minimum**- the least or smallest amount or quantity possible
 * deficit spending**- government spending, in excess of revenue, of funds raised by borrowing rather than from taxation
 * circumstance**- a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action


 * Identify**:
 * Dawes Plan**- The Dawes Plan (as proposed by the Dawes Committee, chaired by Charles G. Dawes) was an attempt following World War I for the Triple Entente to collect war reparations debt from Germany. When after five years the plan proved to be unsuccessful, the Young Plan was adopted in 1929 to replace it.


 * Treaty of Locarno-** The Locarno Treaties were seven agreements negotiated at Locarno, Switzerland on 5 October - 16 October 1925 and formally signed in London on December 1, in which the First World War Western European Allied powers and the new states of central and Eastern Europe sought to secure the post-war


 * Weimar Republic-** he German republic founded at Weimar in 1919; "The Weimar Republic was overthrown in 1933 and replaced by the Third Reich"


 * John Maynard Keynes-** Keynes: English economist who advocated the use of government monetary and fiscal policy to maintain full employment without inflation (1883-1946)


 * Franklin Delano Roosevelt-** : 32nd President of the United States; elected four times; instituted New Deal to counter the Great Depression and led country during World War II (1882-1945)


 * New Deal**- "The New Deal" is the tenth episode of season two of the Canadian teen drama television series Ready or Not. It was written by Alyse Rosenberg and originally aired in 1994.

==**Questions ** ==

1. What did the settlement at the end of World War I try to accomplish? To alienate the German speaking people and to cause a controlled migration and partitioning of the Late Ottoman Empire.

2. Why did the settlement leave many nations unhappy? German citizens were unhappy with The Treaty of Versailles because they felt they were being punished instead of government.

3. What wishes of Woodrow Wilson did the U.S. Senate refuse to fulfill? The US Senate did not approve the US' membership in the League of Nations, which was desired by Wilson's position.

4. What did members of the League of Nations disagree about when crises arose? They disagreed how to resolve the problem.

5. How did France intend to collect unpaid war reparations from Germany? France sent troops into Germany to moniter every cent that came in and out of the country.

6. Name two things the Dawes plan accomplished.- It softened the burdens of war reparations and stabilized the currency in the German market

7. What did the League of Nations Covenant suggest that nations do with their military? Disarm

8. List two factors that played a major role in the start of the Great Depression.- Banks were permitted to speculate in land and the stock market with little government regulations. And, High tariffs and war debts helped spread the depression world wide.

9. How bad was the Great Depression in Great Britain in 1932? The Great Depression was just as bad in the UK as it was in the US.

10. List three problems faced by the Weimar Republic.- three problems faced by the weimar republic was the treaty of Versailles, inflation and defeat.

11. What was the old theory of how economic depressions should be solved?- Depression should be left to be solved themselves without the Government getting involved in the economy.

12. How did Franklin Roosevelt propose to reform capitalism in order to save it?- The New Deal Roosevelt had promised the American people began to take shape immediately after his inauguration in March 1933.

=**Part 2-** =

totalitarian state- **a government that subordinates the individual to the state and strictly controls all aspects of life by coercive measures **

fascism- **a political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical government (as opposed to democracy or liberalism) **

widespread- **<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">far-flung: distributed over a considerable extent **

unrestricted- **<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">not subject to or subjected to restriction **

New Economic Policy (NEP)- **<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">was an economic policy proposed by Vladimir Lenin to prevent the Russian economy from collapsing. **

Politburo- **<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">the chief executive and political committee of the Communist Party **

Five- Year Plans- **<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">The economy of India is based in part on planning through its five-year plans, developed, executed and monitored by the Planning Commission. With the Prime Minister as the ex officio Chairman, the commission has a nominated Deputy Chairman, who has rank of a Cabinet minister **

collectivization- **<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">the organization of a nation or economy on the basis of collectivism **

Benito Mussolini- **<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">(29 July 1883 - 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of Fascism. **

Joseph Stalin- **<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) was the first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee from 1922 until **

Francisco Franco- <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">(4 December 1892 in Ferrol – 20 November 1975 in Madrid), commonly known as Francisco Franco, or simply Franco, was a military general, and head of state of Spain

=<span style="font-size: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**Questions** =

Before 1914, many political leaders thought war in Europe could be (1) ** Risky **. Government (2) ** Propaganda ** had worked in stir- ring up national hatreds before the war. In August 1914, most people seemed gen- uinely convinced that their nation’s cause was (3) ** just **.

The German Schlieffen Plan called for the German army to sweep around (4) ** Belgium **and surround most of the French army. The German advance was halted at (5)** Marne **. The war quickly turned into a (6) ** stalemate **. The unexpected development of (7) ** trench warfare ** on the Western Front baffled military leaders. In 10 months at (8) ** Verdun **, France, in 1916, seven hundred thousand men lost their lives over a few miles of land. By the end of 1915 (9)** airplanes **began to be used to attack ground targets.

The Ottoman Empire came into the war on the side of (10) ** Germany **, prompting the Allies to declare war on them as well. By 1917, the war that had started in Europe had truly become a (11 ** world conflict ** . The Allies took advantage of the war to seize German (12) ** colonies **in the rest of the world. The United States tried to remain neutral, but unrestricted (13) ** submarine ** warfare by the Germans brought America into the war in 1917. World War I affected the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, however remote they might be from the (14) ** battlfields ** . (15) ** authoritarian **regimes such as Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary relied on force to subdue their populations. In some countries, the role played by women in wartime economies had a (16)** positive **impact on their social and political (17) **structure**.

=<span style="font-size: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;"> = <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Part 3:

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">academy- **<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">a learned establishment for the advancement of knowledge


 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Nazi- **<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">a German member of Adolf Hitler's political party


 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Reichstag- **<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">was the parliament of the Holy Roman Empire, and subsequently of the North German Confederation, and of Germany until 1945.


 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">concentration camp- **<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">A camp where large numbers of persons—such as political prisoners, prisoners of war, refugees—are detained for the purpose of concentrating them in one place; A camp or premises in which persons considered to be undesirable by those who control it are hidden away, mistreated, and even killed


 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">ideology- **<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">is a set of aims and ideas that directs one's goals, expectations, and actions. An ideology can be thought of as a comprehensive vision, as a way of looking at things (compare worldview), as in common sense (see Ideology in everyday society below) and several philosophical tendencies


 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Adolf Hitler- **<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">(20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party ( Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, abbreviated NSDAP), commonly known as the Nazi Party


 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Enabling Act- **<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">a provision in a law that confers on appropriate officials the power to implement or enforce the law


 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Heinrich Himmler- **<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">German Nazi who was chief of the SS and the Gestapo and who oversaw the genocide of six million Jews (1900-1945)


 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Nuremberg laws- **<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">(Nürnberger Gesetze) of 1935 were antisemitic laws in Nazi Germany which were introduced at the annual Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg


 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Kristallnacht- <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">or the Night of Broken Glass was an anti-Jewish pogrom in Nazi Germany and Austria on 9 to 10 November 1938. It is also known as Novemberpogrome, Reichskristallnacht, Reichspogromnacht or Pogromnacht in German. **


 * DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks below as you read Section 3.**

I. Adolph Hitler developed his basic ideas while in **Jail**

A. At the core of Hitler’s ideas was racism, especially **Anti Semitism** B. By 1921, Hitler took control of a right-wing **German Workers party**, the Nazis.

C. While in jail in 1923 he wrote Mein Kampf, or **My Struggle**.

II. In 1931, the Nazis had become the largest party in the German **Republic**.

A. Hitler’s appeals to national **Pride** struck an emotional chord in his listeners. B. The elites of Germany began to look to Hitler for leadership. C. With the **Reichstag**, Hitler became a dictator appointed by Parliament.

III. Hitler’s goal was to develop a **totalitarian state,** racial state, that would dominate the world. A. Nazis thought the Germans would create an empire like ancient **Rome** 1. The Nazi state used **terror and repression** to coerce opponents.

2. A massive rearmament program solved Germany’s unemployment problem. B. Schools and Churches were brought under the control the Nazi regime.

C. Women played an important role as the **bearers** of Aryan children.

IV. Once in power, Hitler’s anti-Semitic ideas became **actions**. A. New racial laws were enacted in September 1935. 1. The Nuremberg laws excluded Jews from German citizenship. 2. Jews were required to wear yellow **stars**. B. On November 9, 1938, the Kritallnatch occurred, a destructive rampage against the Jews.

=

= =<span style="font-size: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**Part 4** = Cultural and Intellectual Trends

//incapable-// lacking capacity or ability //abstract-// consider a concept without thinking of a specific example; consider abstractly or theoretically //photomontage-// a montage that uses photographic images //surrealism-// A 20th century movement of artists and writers (developing out of dadaism) who used fantastic images and incongruous juxtapositions in order to represent unconscious thoughts and dreams//.// //modernism-// genre of art and literature that makes a self-conscious break with previous genres//.// //classical-// of or relating to the most highly developed stage of an earlier civilisation and its culture//.// //uncertainty principle-// the theory that it is impossible to measure both energy and time (or position and momentum) completely accurately at the same time. //The Triumph of the Will-// Triumph of the Will (Triumph des Willens) is a propaganda film made by Leni Riefenstahl. It chronicles the 1934 Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg. //Salvador Dalí-// Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech, 1st Marquis of Púbol (May 11, 1904 – January 23, 1989) was a prominent Spanish Catalan surrealist painter born in Figueres. //James Joyce-// James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 - 13 January 1941) was an Irish writer and poet, widely considered to be one of the most influential writers of the 20th century. //Hermann Hesse-// Hermann Hesse (July 2, 1877 – August 9, 1962) was a German-born Swiss poet, novelist, and painter. In 1946, he received the Nobel Prize in Literature.
 * Define**:
 * Identify**:

1. A series of inventions in the late nineteenth century led the way for a revolution in ** mass **communications, especially ** Marconi’s **discovery of ** wireless ** radio waves
 * DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks below as you read Section 4.**

2.. ** Broadcasting **facilities were built in the United States, Europe, and Japan during 1921 and 1922. 3. The Italian film ** Quo Vadis **and the American film ** Birth of a Nation ** made it apparent that cinema was an important new form of mass entertainment.

4. Hitler said, “Without motor-cars, sound films, and wireless, [there would be] no victory of ** Nazism ** .” 5. By 1920, the ** eight-hour ** day had become the norm for many office and factory workers in northern and western Europe. 6. The Nazi regime adopted a program called ** Kraft durch Freude **(“Strength through Joy”), that offered a variety of ** leisure ** activities to fill the free time of the working class. 7. The ** dadaists **were artists who were obsessed with the idea that life has no purpose. 8. ** surrealism **sought a reality beyond the material world. 9. The new German art developed by the Nazis, was actually derived from nineteenth-century ** folk ** art, and emphasized realistic scenes of everyday life 10.** stream of consciousness **was a technique used by writers to report the innermost thoughts of each character. 11. Ernest Rutherford, one of the physicists who showed that the atom could be split, called the 1920s the ** heroic age of physics. **. 12. Newtonian physics were challenged when German physicist Werner Heisenberg explained an observation he called the ** uncertainty ** principle.