WH+unit+4+industrial+revolution

Part 1- **Vocabulary** Define: dynamic: Characterized by constantchange, activity, or progress

enclosure movement: During the Industrial Revolution, it was the consolidation of many small farms into one large farm, which created a labor force as many people lost their homes.

capital: The most important city or town of a country or region, usually its seat of government and administrative center

entrepreneur: A person who organizes and operates a business orbusinesses.

cottage industry: Small-scale industry that can be carried on at home by family members using their own equipment.

puddling: A way to manufacture steel and iron involving completely melting it.

migrate: Move from one area or country to settle in another.

industrial capitalism: The rise of industrial capitalism is an era important to the development of a modern system of public and private social welfare and social work. Subsistence and barter systems decreased as people entered the labour market in order to survive.

socialism: A political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production.

QUESTIONS


 * 1) When and where did the Industrial Revolution begin? Britain
 * 2) What six factors contributed to the start of the Industrial Revolution? more food, population increased, Britain had a ready supply of money, Britain had plenty natural resources, Britain had a relatively free society, and the British had a ready market in their vast empire.
 * 3) What four inventions advanced the production of cotton cloth? Cotton mill, Cotton Gin, Spinning jenny, Power loom, Flying shuttl,. Spinning frame, and Steam Engine
 * 4) What effect did the steam engine have on the coal and iron industry? Steam engines were invented to help raise coal from mines. The railroad and the steamship widened the market, using coal and iron.
 * 5) What was the Rocket? The first steam powered Locomotive.
 * 6) Why did factories begin to require workers to work in shifts? Factories made workers work in shifts so they wouldn't get tired and just stop working. The shifts consist of 8 hours or more.
 * 7) What three countries were the first to be industrialized in continental Europe? Britain, France, Germany.
 * 8) What happened in 1853 that showed Japan the importance of industrial power? In 1853, the Industrial Revolution traveled to Japan in the form of a fleet of United States steamships sent to open the islands to trade.
 * 9) What change took place in the American labor force between 1800 and 1860? American workers began to work more and more in factories as opposed to learning specialized crafts as a whole.
 * 10) What two classes of people emerged in the European society of the Industrial Revolution? The middle class and working class saw growth during the Industrial Revolution, while the aristocracy shrank.

Part 2- Vocabulary Define: conservatism- A political and social philosophy that promotes the maintenance of traditional institutions and supports, at the most, minimal and gradual change in society.

stability- The quality or attribute of being firm and steadfast

beneficial- Promoting or enhancing well-being

principle of intervention- Eventually, the great powers adopted a principle of intervention, which gave them the right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions in order to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones.

liberalism- A political orientation that favors social progress by reform and by changing laws rather than by revolution.

universal male suffrage- Consists of the extension of the right to vote to adult citizens (or subjects) as a whole, though it may also mean extending said right to minors and non-citizens.

multinational state- A sovereign state which is viewed as comprising two or more nations.

After the defeat of (1) ** Napoleon **, European rulers moved to restore the old order with (2) ** Great Britain **, (3) ** Austria **, (4) ** Prussia **, and (5)  ** Russia ** in power. This goal was addressed at the Congress of (6) ** Vienna ** in September 1814.

 The arrangements made at this Congress were a victory for rulers who wanted to contain the new forces unleashed during the (7)  ** Industrial ** Revolution. Their political philosophy, based on tradition and social stability, is known as (8) ** Conservatism **. The great powers assumed the right of intervention whereby they could send armies into countries where there were revolutions in order to keep (9) <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> ** Monarchs ** in power.

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> Liberals believed in the protection of (10) ** civil ** liberties, or the basic rights of all people. Most liberals favored a (11) ** limited ** monarchy in which a king must follow the law. They thought that the right to vote should be open only to people with (12) ** property **. These attitudes were (13) ** middle class ** attitudes.

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> (14) ** nationalism ** in the nineteenth century arose out of people’s awareness of being part of a community with common institutions. People with a common language and traditions began to feel that they were the (15) ** nation **. (16) ** Dutch republic ** feared the implications of such thinking and fought the forces of nationalism.

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> Nationalistic/liberal thinking led to (17) ** domination ** in the countries of Europe. The (18) ** monarch ** of France was finally overthrown in 1848. Cries for change led many German rulers to promise (19) ** constitutions **, a free press, and jury trials. In Vienna, Austria, revolutionary forces took control of the (20) ** capital ** and demanded a liberal constitution. Soon, however, the united front of moderate liberals and more radical nationalists throughout Europe was weakened by disagreements over their goals, and so (21)** austrian ** forces were able to regain control.

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Part 3- Vocabulary Define: militarism- A political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

reliance- Certainty based on past experience.

levy- Impose and collect.

kaiser- The title of the Holy Roman Emperors or the emperors of Austria or of Germany until 1918.

plebiscite- A vote by the electorate determining public opinion on a question of national importance.

emancipation- Freeing someone from the control of another; especially a parent's relinquishing authority and control over a minor child.

successor- A person who follows next in order.

abolitionism- The doctrine that calls for the abolition of slavery.

secede- Withdraw from an organization or communion.

I. The Crimean War was the result of a struggle between ** Russia **and the ** Ottoman Empire **. A. Russia was interested in expanding its power into the ** Eastern Europe **. B. Fearful of Russian power,** Britain **and ** France **declared war on Russia. C. The Crimean War destroyed the ** Old Concert **of Europe.

II. On March 17, 1861, King Victor ** Emmanuel ** II proclaimed a new kingdom of Italy.

III. Under Bismarck, Prussia organized the Northern German states into a ** North German Confederation **. A. In 1870,** Prussian **armies defeated an entire French army and the French ruler. B. The southern German states agreed to enter the ** North ** German Confederation.

IV. By giving the ** Middle **class a voice in rule, Britain avoided revolution in 1848.

V. The French were defeated in a war with the ** Prussians ** and the Second Napoleonic Empire fell.

VI. The ** Compromise ** of1867created dual monarchies in Austria and Hungary.

VII. The ** Czar ** of Alexander II in 1881 returned Russia to the old methods of repression.

VIII. In December 1860, a South Carolina convention voted to ** Secede **, or withdraw, from the United States.

IX. The end of the American Civil War meant that the United States would be “one nation, ** Indivisible **.”

Part 4- Vocabulary Define: romanticism- Impractical romantic ideals and attitudes.

abandon- Give up with the intent of never claiming again.

secularization- Transfer of property from ecclesiastical to civil possession.

organic evolution- The sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms.

adapt- Make fit for, or change to suit a new purpose.

natural selection- The process by which traits become more or less common in a population due to consistent effects upon the survival or reproduction of their bearers. It is a key mechanism of evolution.

variation- An instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change.

controversy- A contentious speech act; a dispute where there is strong disagreement.

realism- The attribute of accepting the facts of life and favoring practicality and literal truth.

1. The ** Romantics ** emphasized the feelings, emotion, and imagination of the individual artist or writer. 2. Many romantic writers in England lived during the early ** Industrial Revolution **, and they often expressed a horror of the conditions they saw. 3. Romantics loved to think about past ages, especially ** Medieval ** times. 4. The exotic and ** Unfamiliar ** also attracted many romantics. 5. Chilling examples of romantic literature are Mary Shelley’s ** Frankenstein ** in Britain and Edgar Allen Poe’s short stories of horror in the United States. 6. ** Woodsworth ** and other romantic poets believed science had reduced nature to a cold object of study. 7. Romantic artists believed art was a reflection of the artist’s inner ** feelings **. 8. Romantic trends also dominated ** music ** the first half of the nineteenth century. 9. ** Beethoven ** said, “I must write, for what weighs on my heart, I must express!” 10. In biology, Frenchman Louis Pasteur proposed the ** germ ** theory of disease. 11. In Great Britain, Michael Faraday put together a primitive generator that laid the foundation for the use of 12. Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, a theory that each kind of plant and animal had ** evolved ** over a long period of time. 13. Darwin’s ideas raised a storm of ** controversy **. 14. Literary realists wanted to write about ** ordinary ** characters from actual life rather than romantic heroes in exotic settings.
 * electric ** current.